Nano-MRI uses a novel and unique MRI contrast agent that makes inflammatory cells (macrophages) in active Multiple Sclerosis visible.

The nano-MRI contrast agent consists of tiny spheres with a diameter of 20-50 nanometers. These spheres have an iron core and are coated with a sugar called "dextran". Due to their small size, they are taken up by macrophages, which are 'all-eaters' and active in inflammations (neuro-dgeneration). In the case of multiple sclerosis, these macrophages clean up the damaged remnants of nerve cells, particularly in the early stages of active disease.

With traditional MRI contrast agents (using Gadolinium (Gd)), the enhancement is due to increased permeability of blood vessels, which occurs late and is also observed in inactive scar tissue (Figures on the right). By using nano-iron, macrophages become visible on MRI images. This allows us to detect inflammation and activity in multiple sclerosis early on, and selectively (Figures on the left).

Thanks to nano-MRI's ability to identify active foci of multiple sclerosis at an early stage, targeted and early treatment can take place with expensive and limitedly available medications.

Summary of recent literature:

1. Nano-MRI provides additional information compared to traditional Gd-contrast MRI, likely related to cell infiltration (inflammation). Nano-MRI makes this cell infiltration visible.

2. In the early stages of MS, cell infiltration is associated with persistent local damage to nerve cells, a phenomenon visible with nano-MRI.

3. The nano-particle contrast primarily reveals cell-specific inflammations that cause permanent damage.

4. In MS patients, nano-MRI helps detect more active MS lesions, which often have a more aggressive course.

Literature:

- Vellinga

- Kerebrat

- Maarouf

- Tourdias